症状检查已成为收集症状和诊断患者的重要工具,最大限度地减少临床人员的参与。我们开发了一种机器学习支持的系统,智能曲线,超越传统症状,通过与电子医疗记录(EMR)紧密的双向集成。在EMR衍生的患者历史上,我们的系统将患者的首席投诉识别自由文本条目,然后询问一系列离散问题以获得相关的症状学。患者特定数据用于预测详细的ICD-10-CM代码以及药物,实验室和成像订单。然后将患者的反应和临床决策支持(CDS)预测插入EMR。要培训机器学习组件的智能路程,我们使用了超过2500万级初级保健遭遇的新型数据集和100万患者的自由文本原因的参赛作品。这些数据集用于构建:(1)基于长的短期存储器(LSTM)的患者历史表示,(2)用于首发投诉提取的微调变压器模型,(3)一个用于问题测序的随机林模型, (4)用于CDS预测的前馈网络。我们的系统总共支持337名患者的首席投诉,该投诉共同组成了Kaiser Permanente的所有初级保健费用。
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The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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基于Shapley值的功能归因在解释机器学习模型中很受欢迎。但是,从理论和计算的角度来看,它们的估计是复杂的。我们将这种复杂性分解为两个因素:(1)〜删除特征信息的方法,以及(2)〜可拖动估计策略。这两个因素提供了一种天然镜头,我们可以更好地理解和比较24种不同的算法。基于各种特征删除方法,我们描述了多种类型的Shapley值特征属性和计算每个类型的方法。然后,基于可进行的估计策略,我们表征了两个不同的方法家族:模型 - 不合时宜的和模型特定的近似值。对于模型 - 不合稳定的近似值,我们基准了广泛的估计方法,并将其与Shapley值的替代性但等效的特征联系起来。对于特定于模型的近似值,我们阐明了对每种方法的线性,树和深模型的障碍至关重要的假设。最后,我们确定了文献中的差距以及有希望的未来研究方向。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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部署在野外的机器学习系统通常在源分布上培训,但部署在不同的目标分布上。未标记的数据可以是用于缓解这些分布班次的强大的利用点,因为它通常比标记数据更具可用。然而,未标记数据的现有分配转换基准不反映现实世界应用中出现的方案的广度。在这项工作中,我们介绍了Wilds 2.0更新,该更新在分发转移的野外基准中扩展了10个数据集中的8个,以包括将在部署中逼真获得的策划未标记数据。为了保持一致性,标记的培训,验证和测试集以及评估度量与原始野外基准中的标记与评估度量完全相同。这些数据集涵盖了广泛的应用程序(从组织学到野生动物保护),任务(分类,回归和检测)和方式(照片,卫星图像,显微镜载玻片,文本,分子图)。我们系统地基准测试最先进的方法,可以利用未标记的数据,包括域不变,自我培训和自我监督方法,并表明他们在野外的成功2.0是有限的。为了方便方法开发和评估,我们提供了一个自动化数据加载的开源包,并包含本文中使用的所有模型架构和方法。代码和排行榜可在https://wilds.stanford.edu获得。
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数据增强是自然语言处理(NLP)模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分,以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中,我们呈现NL-Cogmenter,这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架,它支持创建两个转换(对数据的修改)和过滤器(根据特定功能的数据拆分)。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器,用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构,Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter})。
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抽象的。目的:本文提出了一种用于产生虚拟术中CT扫描的方案,以改善内窥镜窦手术(ESS)的手术完整性。方法:该工作呈现三种方法,基于尖端运动,基于尖端轨迹的基于仪器,以及基于仪器,以及虚拟术中CT生成的非参数平滑和高斯过程回归。结果:所提出的方法研究,并在尸体上进行的ESS进行了比较。外科结果表明,所有三种方法都改善了骰子相似系数> 86%,F分数> 92%和精度> 89.91%。发现基于尖端轨迹的方法具有最佳性能,并在外科完整性评估中获得了96.87%的精度。结论:这项工作表明,虚拟术中CT扫描改善了实际手术场景与参考模型之间的一致性,并提高了ESS中的手术完整性。与实际的术中CT扫描相比,该方案对现有的外科议定书没有影响,不需要除了最多的ESS中已经提供的额外硬件克服了高成本,重复辐射和由实际术中引起的细长麻醉CTS,并在ESS中实用。
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本质语言允许用户在上述抽象级别指定约束问题,在该抽象级别进行约束建模决策。 Essence规范通过魅力自动建模工具精制到约束模型,该工具采用了一套细化规则。但是,本质是一种丰富的语言,其中有许多等同的方法来指定给定的问题。因此,用户可以省略域属性或抽象类型的使用,从而产生更少的细化规则,因此可以从中选择的减少的输出模型集。本文解决了在输入精华规范的变化面前自动恢复此信息以增加输出约束模型质量的稳健性。我们提出了可以更改决策变量的类型或添加缩小其域的属性的重构规则。我们展示了这种方法在模型的数量和质量方面的功效可以与原版相比,从转化的规格中产生。
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Distribution shifts-where the training distribution differs from the test distribution-can substantially degrade the accuracy of machine learning (ML) systems deployed in the wild. Despite their ubiquity in the real-world deployments, these distribution shifts are under-represented in the datasets widely used in the ML community today. To address this gap, we present Wilds, a curated benchmark of 10 datasets reflecting a diverse range of distribution shifts that naturally arise in real-world applications, such as shifts across hospitals for tumor identification; across camera traps for wildlife monitoring; and across time and location in satellite imaging and poverty mapping. On each dataset, we show that standard training yields substantially lower out-of-distribution than in-distribution performance. This gap remains even with models trained by existing methods for tackling distribution shifts, underscoring the need for new methods for training models that are more robust to the types of distribution shifts that arise in practice. To facilitate method development, we provide an open-source package that automates dataset loading, contains default model architectures and hyperparameters, and standardizes evaluations. Code and leaderboards are available at https://wilds.stanford.edu.
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